Case Study 2 -part 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Case Study 2 -part 2 - Essay Example The average for the machine type one is the highest at 639.093 parts per minute with the highest standard deviation at 60.481, meaning that it also has the highest variability in machine production. Machine type two on the other hand has the lowest average rate at 120.765 ppm and the lowest standard deviation at 13.73011 attributing to its lower variability in machine production per minute. Machine type three has an average of 156.48 in the sample, a close rate in the production rate of 155 ppm as noted earlier. On the production per day sampling, machine type 2 had an average of 120.765 ppm, while its official rating is 200 ppm. Having the number of observation, the production levels, and the time period worked by each machine type as one block of independent variables, and the machine type as the dependent variable, the p-value of the summary table shown above, that t-statistic is negative for observation and time period worked by the machine, but 0.558 for observation. This indicates that the level of significance is favorable for obtaining the observed results when the null hypothesis is true. As shown by table 4 above, we shall reject the null hypothesis which states that machine type 1= 700, as accept the alternative hypothesis which states that machine type one is not equal to 700. This is because the calculated value of p= 0.0000002 is less than p value=0.05. For the machine type 2, the value of calculated p is close to zero which means that we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis which states that Machine type 2 (rated 200 ppm) not equal to 200. While for the case of machine type 3 (rated 155 ppm) the value of calculated P=0.8258 which is greater than p=0.05 this prompt us not to reject null hypothesis and conclude that Machine type

Why the Electoral College Is Good Essay Example for Free

Why the Electoral College Is Good Essay â€Å"The ignorance of one voter in a democracy impairs the security of all.† John F. Kennedy. Former President Kennedy expresses how imperative it is that every person has a say in the government. Contention 1: Proper representation is lost. When there is an election, the Electoral College does not give an accurate representation of the people because they vote for representatives, who in reality cast their votes. Not only that, but a candidate can win an election with just 270 electoral votes. South Sea Republic Organization in 2008 explains: â€Å"The Electoral College is an indirect voting mechanism. US citizens vote for representatives who then cast ballots for the US President. The electors do not have to cast their ballots as per the popular will in that state; they can defy the voters if necessary. This was done to protect against tyranny or a noble trying to usurp the democratic system. The convention however is that the electors vote in a block as per the citizen voters’ wishes.† CNN explains: In our current system, the president is elected by the Electoral College and not directly by the people. The number of electoral votes each state receives depends on its population and representatives are chosen to vote on behalf of the people in the state. To win, a candidate has to win 270 electoral votes, which is a majority. If neither candidate gets that, Congress determines who wins. A few times, the American peoples choice for president hasnt actually been elected or represented. The new system would also nationalize the presidential campaign. Contention 2: States are being excluded. Right now, candidates spend most of their time campaigning in battleground states. They do not try to win over voters in small states, such as Ohio and New Hampshire. Oxford University in October of 2011 furthers: By itself, California now has fifty-four electoral votes, making it more valuable to a candidate than sixteen smaller states with three votes each. †¦ Campaigns should allocate a disproportionate amount of their resources to large states because the pivotal voter in a large state has more power to swing the campaign than a similar voter in a small state. According to Northeastern Political Science Association in 2002: â€Å"In terms of state advantages and disadvantages under the contemporary electoral college, it was found that the electoral college in the 1990s contains partially countervailing biases which result in a net advantage to large states as much as 2.663 to one, and a net disadvantage to states with from 3 to 21 electoral votes.† This evidence shows the public that when one person lives in a more populated state, their vote counts more than 2.5 times more than one in a less populated one. This is not fair for the people in the smaller state because they still have as much equal rights than the people who live in larger states. On top of that, the less populated states have a larger disadvantage because the larger states grow at higher rates than others. This reduces the votes that smaller states have. If bigger states like Texas and California gain more people, then the people in smaller states get less representation. Thus, larger states have more power. Contention 3: Electoral College lowers voter turnout: The University of Georgia in 2011 shows that â€Å"Making a statement on the overall effect of the Electoral College system voter turnout is difficultNevertheless, we can make comparisons between the model’s predicted turnout under actual resource allocation and predicted turnout if resources were allocated equally across states. †¦If the number of visits †¦observed across all states in 2004 were allocated so that each state had an equal number of visits and equal media saturation, the average predicted state turnout is .618, an average increase of 3.1% in voter turnout. † In some states, the electoral college system boosts turnout. Competitive states (particularly battleground, but also some leaning states) receive a great deal more campaign activity, as do states with more Electoral College votes, which translates into higher turnout. However, this boost in a few states leaves smaller and less competitive states—the bulk of states in number—wit h lower turnout.

Temperature Effect on Embryonic Development in Fish Eggs

Temperature Effect on Embryonic Development in Fish Eggs Abstract The captive breeding of Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) was successfully carried out at the Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, India. Induced breeding trials conducted on the fish revealed that the fish can be naturally spawned Low temperature using sGnRH analogue and dopamine antagonist (Ovaprim). Spawning was observed eighteen hrs after the injection at low temperature (16 Â ± 2oC). The fertilized eggs were adhesive and transparent with diameter ranging between 0.8mm to 1.10 mm. The incubation period was 120 hours and 84 hours at temperature 15-18o C (April) and 20-26oC (August) respectively The hatchlings were transparent and measured 3.45-4.75 mm, with a large oval head, a well defined yolk sac and short tail. The yolk got fully absorbed within 2-3 days and by this time mouth formation was complete and the larvae started exogenous feeding. Present study, may be useful in standardizing the ex-situ breeding protocols for Koi carp under lower temperature. Introduction Ornamental fish is often used as a generic term to describe aquatic animals kept in the aquarium hobby (Livengood et al 2009). Ornamental fishes form an important commercial component of aquaculture providing for aesthetic requirements and upkeep of the environment (Swain et al 2008). USA is the largest importer of ornamental fishes followed by Europe and Japan. The emerging markets are China and South Africa. Over US $ 500 million worth of ornamental fish are imported into the USA each year (Anonymous. 2006). Indias share in ornamental fish trade is estimated to be less than1 % of the global trade. The major part of the export trade is based on wild collection. The overall domestic trade in this field cross Rs 1000 lakh and is reportedly growing at the rate of 20 per cent annum (NABARD). Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the most important cultured fish in the world. More than 2.7 million tonnes of common carp were produced in 2000 (FAO, 2002). Koi carp is ornamental variety of domesticated common carp (Cyprinus carpio) that are kept for decorative purpose in outdoor ponds or water gardens. They belong to the family Cyprinidae and the order Cypriniformes. It is one of the most popular and favorite ornamental fishes amongst all ornamental fish species and it has high market value for its excellent color. The color and scale pattern of the species is highly variable. It may look like big gold fish, distinguishing for its barbels at the sides of the mouth and for its size (Ghosh et al 2012). They are delicate and are very peaceful towards occupants and hence well suited to aquarium. There is various colour variations in koi carp like white, black, red, yellow, blue and cream. Like all cyprinides, koi carp is also a egg layer. They produce adhesive eggs. This speci es exhibits gonochorism, external fertilization with varied spawning frequencies (Balon 1990) and considered as batch spawner (Kalilota et al 1993). They grow up to 100 cm length with an elongate body measuring 3 to 4 times less in height than length. In their natural habitat, koi carp live up to 15-24 years (Kuroki, 1981). Considering the importance of koi carp, information on the early life history of a fish is very important for optimization of its large scale seed production, culture and management practices, therefore, this study was carried out to highlight some aspects of the early life history, the development biological clock of koi carp in relation to low temperature. Material and Methods The fishes were purchased from Lucknow Local market during 2012. In the same day, the fishes were transported to the Fish farm, Directorate of coldwater Fisheries research (DCFR), Bhimtal. At the farm after disinfection, all fishes were reared in a cemented pond. The fishes were fed with floating pellets containing crude protein 28%, crude fiber 11.1%, and carbohydrate 33% (Table 1). After proper acclimatization and maintenance, the healthy and mature breeders (90-550g) were selected according to sexual dimorphism and transferred to hatchery shed in FRP tank of size 200cm X 200cm X 30cm with flow through arrangement of water system. The females are usually easier to identify, as belly of a mature female is generally larger, whereas male’s remains streamlined and more torpedo shaped (Mihalache et al 2011). The sex ratio of the spawners was kept at 2:1 for male and female. The breeding programme was carried out using salmon Gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue and domperidone injection (ovaprim, Syndel laboratories INDIA Pvt.ltd). Brooders were administered hormone @ 0.6 ml per kg body weight to female and 0.3 ml per kg body weight to male intra peritoneal in the evening hours. The breeders set were released into FRP tank of 3000 L capacity having provision for flow through water system after the hormonal administration. Aquatic macrophyte (Hydrilla) was introduced into breeding tank for hiding purpose as well as holding adhesive eggs (Haniffa et al 2006). Translucent netting at the top also provided in order to observe to observe spawning behavior of fish. The egg hatching and larval rearing upto yolk sac absorption was taken up in the same tank that was used for spawning. The fertilization rate was counted by collecting random light microscope with digital camera (Nikon ECLIPSE E100). Samples of the eggs before fertilization and developmental time was rounded to nearest minutes until morula stage and then to hours. In present study, the developmental stages were divided into embryonic and larval development upto yolk sac absorption. The embryonic stage occur inside the egg shell and ends at the hatching. While, larval phase occur as egg hatches and ends when the larvae become capable of exogenous feeding. The water quality of hatchery was measured for temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids and dissolved oxygen by HANNA HI 9828. Results There are few reports on breeding of koi carp in low temperature (Watson et al 2004; Ghosh et al 2012). present study spawning was noticed after 18 hours of hormone injection. The fertilized eggs of koi carp were foun to have adhesive, demersal and sticky to substratum (i.e. hydrilla). They were 0.8-1.10 mm in diameter, rounded and due to the adhesive nature of the egg, considerable debris adhered to the capsule of the egg. As the egg envelope is thick, transparent and sticky, observations on the developmental stages are difficult (Kovac, 2000). The eggs were deposited singly and were adhesive throughout the incubation period. The incubation period of eggs depends largely on water quality parameters such as salinity and temperature (Kuo et al 1973; Lio et al 1975). In the present study, the water temperature was 15-18oC during April and 20-26oC during August, under these conditions, eggs hatched out in 120 and 84 hours after fertilization respectively. Although a true metamorphosis is not generally described for fishes, the term hatchling, larvae and post larvae are used to indicate different stages of development from hatchling to fingerling stage (Boglinoe et al 1992). In present study, the embryonic development was divided into zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrula and hatching period (Table 2, 3 Fig 1). The cleavage was meroblastic and the first division (2 celled stage) occurred 1 hours after fertillization, followed by second cleavage 1hour 35 minutes after fertilization. The 16 celled stage was reached 2 hours 20 minutes after fertilization. Subsequent cleavage increased cell number and reached morula stage. At this stage, a cap like structure was seen over the animal pole, which gradually increases in size the blastoderm further spread over the yolk and the formation of germinal ring around yolk was clearly visible within 15hours after fertillization. The yolk invasion completed after 32 hours and 13 minutes after fertiliza tion. The head and tail ends of the embryo became distinguishable during yolk plug stage. Yolk invasion was over and the blastopore was almost closed. The notochord was clearly seen at 46 hours and 16 minutes after fertilization. Further, embryo was elongated and encircled the whole yolk material within 48 hours after fertillization. At this stage, the anterior posterior axis was distinguishable in broader cephalic region with distinct forebrain and narrow end as tail region. At 76 hours after fertillization cephalic region became prominent, optic lens starts differentiating and mesodermal somites (16-18) were highly visible. A heart beat (80-91) per minutes were noticed at this stage. The caudal region started detaching from yolk and head further elongated in size showing all parts of brain, heart, lens and 22-25 somites after 101 hours after fertillization. The beating of heart intensified 130-140 beats per minutes and tail showed rhythmic movement on both side one by one. At 109 hours after fertillization lens fully formed and pectoral fin bud was clearly visible. In final stage of embryonic development, the growing embryo occupied the entire previtelline space. The lashing movements, which gradually become vigorous and egg capsules, were weakened and ruptured. The embryo ruptured the egg shell by the continuous movement and hatched out at 120 hours after fertillization at 16 Â ± 2o C. The hatchlings were transparent and measured 3.45-4.75 mm, with a large oval head, a well defined yolk sac and short tail. The yolk got fully absorbed within 2-3 days and by this time mouth formation was complete and the larvae started exogenous feeding Discussion Temperature is one of the most decisive environmental variables affecting embryonic development in fish eggs (Bermudes and Ritar, 1999; Kamler, 2002; Yang and Chen 2005).Within a viable range, incubation temperature strongly affects the rate of embryonic development of fish. Generally, lower temperature retards the rate of embryonic development and higher temperature accelerates it (Marangos et al., 1986; Pepin, 1991; Mihelakakis and Kitajima, 1994; Hart and Purser, 1995; Das et al 2006). The results of present showed that water temperature has a strong effect on development rate and hatching success of koi carp. In present study, the fertilized eggs of koi carp were found yellowish, adhesive and demersal. Haniffa et al (2007) and Ghosh et al (2012) found similar results in koi carp and common carp. Two celled, four celled, eight celled and sixteen celled stage were found 60, 95,120 and 150 minutes after fertilization respectively. Similar findings were reported by Ghosh et al 2012 i n koi carp. They found two celled, four celled, eight celled and sixteen celled stage with in 80, 110, 140 and 170 minutes after fertilization at 17 – 20o C respectively. However, Haniffa et al (2007) reported that same series occurred at 60, 90, 110 and 140 minutes after fertilization at 26 – 28oC. In common carp, it took 30, 80, 100 and 120 minutes after fertilization at 260C for same series (Balon 1995). The initiation of gastrula stage was noticed at fifteen hours after fertilization of egg at 16 Â ± 20C.Similar results was reported by Ghosh et al (2012) in koi carp. However, Haniffa et al. (2006) the same stage in koi carp at 7.30 to 11.40 minute after fertilization at 26-28 in summer season. Balon (1995) observed initiation of gastrulation of C. carpio occurring 6 hrs and 30 mins after fertilization of the eggs at 26-28 Â °C. This variation might be due to low water temperature and species difference. Changes in the pattern of the entire structure of an organ in relation to the environment are decisive for evaluating the developmental patterns of species (Balon, 1999; Mahmud et al 2012). The early development of fish is strongly affected by incubation temperature (Mahmud et al 2012). Generally, lower temperature retards the rate of embryonic development of fish and higher temperature accelerates it (Saka et al., 2001). In present study period the ambient temperature was low and fluctuating which may delay the embryonic and larval development of koi carp. A comparative study on the study of embryonic development of koi carp at different temperature is listed below (Table 3). In present study, embryo hatched out in 144 hrs after fertilization at 16 Â ± 2o C which was similar to the findings Watson et al (2004). They reported the time required to hatch the embryo of koi carp in 5-7 days at 20-24 o C. Similar results were obtained by Ghost et al (2012). However, the results of presen t study vary from Haniffa et al 2007, who found 72-73 hours are needed for hatching of Koi carp. This can be attributed to different physical condition of brood fish and lower temperature of water at the time of breeding. In conclusion, Koi carp can be easily matured and bred successfully under low water temperature captive conditions similar to carp. The descriptive investigation into the embryonic development and temperature tolerance should provide valuable information about the ability of the species to handle low temperature condition. As there are no commercial approaches of induced breeding and seed production of koi carp in the colder regions of the country but there is high demand of this ornamental fish for its colorful and attractive appearance. Hence, In spite of the long incubation period, the captive breeding, embryonic development protocol described herein should provide a base for future studies on koi carp and help in achieving conservation and commercial goals. References Livengood EJ, Chapman FA. 2009 The ornamental fish trade: An introduction with perspective for responsible aquarium cooperative extension service, institute of food and agricultural science, university of Florida, Gainesville. Swain SK, Singh SK, Routray P, Barik NK. 2008 Indigenous ornamental fishes: Status, Issues and strategies for propagation and conservation. e- planet 6(2): 2, 20- 22. Anonymous. 2006. Carp Breeding and Seed Production. Hand Book of Fisheries and Aquaculture. Pp 248-264. Indian Council of Agricultural Research. New Delhi. Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) (2000) World status of ornamental fish, 3: 5-225. Ghosh A K, Biswas S, Sarder LSabbir W, Rahaman S M B 2012 Induced breeding, embryonic and larval development of Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Khulna, Bangladesh. Mesopot. J. Mar. Sci., 27 (1): 1 – 14 Balon, E.K. 1990. Epigenesis of an epigeneticist: the development of some alternative concepts on the early ontogeny and evolution of fishes. Guelph Ichthyology Reviews, 1:1-48. Kailola, P.J., Williams, M.J., Stewart, P.C., Reichelt, R.E., McNee, A. and Grieve, C. 1993. Australian fisheries resources. Bureau of Resource Sciences, Canberra, Australia, 422p. Kuroki, T. 1981. The latest manual to nishikigoi.Shin-Nippon Kyoiku-Tosho Co. Ltd. Japan, 272pp. Mihalache A, Oprea L, Grecu I, Cristea V, Badalan C, Enache I, Ion S 2011 Artificial Reproduction and Embryonic Development of the Japanese Ornamental Carp (Cyprinus carpio L i n n a e u s, 1758). Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology 12(4): 1835–1839 Haniffa MA, Benziger PSA, Arockiaraj AJ, Nagarajan M, Siby P. 2006. Breeding Behaviour and Embryonic Development of Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio), Journal of Bio-Science 14, 121-125. Watson, C.A., Hill, J.E. and Pouder, D.B. 2004. Species Profile: Koi and Goldfish; SRAC Publication No. 7201. Kovac, V. 2000. Early development of Zingel streber. J.Fish. Biol. 57: 1381-1403. Kuo, C.M., Shehadeh, Z.H. and Milison, K.K. 1973. A preliminary report on the development, growth and survival of laboratory reared larvae of the grey mullet, Mugil cephalus (L.). Journal of Fish Biology, 5: 459-470. Liao, I.C. 1975. Experiments on the induced breeding of the grey mullet in Taiwan from 1963-1973. Aquaculture, 6: 31-58. Boglinoe, C., B. Bertolini., M. Russiello, S. Cataudella. 1992. Embryonic and larval development of the thick-lipped mullet (Chelon labrosus) under controlled reproduction conditions. Aquaculture 101: 349-359. Bermudes, M., Ritar, A.J., 1999. Effects of temperature on the embryonic development of the striped trumpeter (Latris lineate Bloch and Schneider, 1801). Aquaculture 176, 245– 255. Kamler, E., 2002. Ontogeny of yolk-feeding fish: an ecological perspective. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 12, 79–103. Yang Z, Chen Y 2005 Effect of temperature on incubation period and hatching success of obscure puffer Takifugu obscurus (Abe) eggs. Aquaculture 246 : 173– 179 Marangos, C., Yagi, H., Ceccaldi, H.J., 1986. The role of temperature and salinity on hatching rate and morphogenesis during embryo development in Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pisces, Teleostei, Serranidae). Aquaculture 54, 287– 300. Pepin, P., 1991. Effect of temperature and size on development, mortality, and survival rates of the pelagic early life stages of marine fish. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, 503–518. Mihelakakis, A., Kitajima, C., 1994. Effects of salinity and temperature on incubation period, hatching rate and morphogenesis of the silver sea bream, Sparus sarba (Forssk3l, 1775). Aquaculture 126, 361– 371 Hart, P.R., Purser, G.J., 1995. Effects of salinity and temperature on eggs and yolk sac larvae of the greenback flounder (Rhombosolea tapirina Gunther, 1982). Aquaculture 136, 221– 230. Das T, Pal A K, Chakraborty S K, Manush S M, Dalvi R S, Sarma K, Mukherjee S G 2006 Thermal dependence of embryonic development and hatching rate in Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). Aquaculture 255: 536–541 Haniffa M A, Allen Benziger P S, Jesu Arockiaraj A, Nagarajan M, Siby P 2007 Breeding Behaviour and Embryonic Development of Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio). Taiwania 52(1): 93-99 Balon, E.K. 1995. The common carp, Cyprinus carpio: its wild origin, domestication in aquaculture, and selection as colored nishikigoi, 47pp. Balon EK. 1999. Alternative ways how to become a definitive phenotype or a juvenile (and on some persisting linguistic offences). Environment and Biology of Fish 56, 17- 38 Mahmud Z, Ahmed F, Ghosh1 A K, Azad A K , Bir Y,Rahaman S M B 2012 Induced breeding, embryonic and larval development of comet gold fish (Carassius auratus) in Khulna, Banglades. International Journal of Biosciences 2: 28-38 Saka S, Forat K, Kamaco HO. 2001. The development of European sea bas (Dicentrarchus labrax L., 1758) eggs in relation to temperature. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science 25, 139-147. Helen I, Battle H I (1939) The embryology and larval development of the goldfish (Carassius auratus) from Lake Erie. Department of Zoology, University of Western Ontario.

Free Merchant of Venice Essays: Secular and Religious Views :: Merchant Venice Essays

Merchant of Venice - Secular and Religious Views The secular and religious views of both, Antonio and Shylock,   were portrayed very bluntly. The religious opinions of both characters   were that their religion was superior to infidels and also very   stereotypical. In the business world, Antonio owned ships with   valuable goods and was extremely generous. He always relied on their   return to shore and expressed his faith in this book. On the other   hand, Shylock was a greedy man and used the Bible for sources of   interest to collect more money. Relating to religious views Antonio   and Shylock were very parallel, but in means of business the two were   reverses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "I[Shylock] hate [Antonio] for he is a Christian. . . [Antonio]   hates our sacred nation." This phrase said by Shylock, a Jew, is based on the beliefs of other Jews upon other Christians. Shylock is   being very stereotypical because Shylock doesn't really know Antonio,   Shylock heard of Jew-hating Christians, so he thinks that all   Christians hate Jews. Antonio happens to be a great man and Shylock   didn't even give him a chance, he just hates Antonio for being of   different religion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "The Hebrew[Shylock] will turn Christian; he grows kind."   Antonio says this, thinking that no Jews are kind, emphasizing naiveness. Then Antonio sees the Hebrew, Shylock, becomes amiable, so   he believes that's impossible. So Antonio interprets the scenario as   Shylock being Christianized, because he is becoming   generous. This   quotation shows how Antonio thinks that his religion, Christianity, is   superior to Judaism. The previous quotation illustrated how Shylock   was stereotypical about Christians. Both characters have similar   beliefs about other religions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Why, fear not, man, I will not for felt it! Within these three   months- that's a month before this bond expires-I do expect, return of thrice three times the value of this bond." This phrase was said by   Antonio assuring Shylock that his ship with all his goods will return   with the interest that Antonio owes Shylock for borrowing money. This   shows Antonio's trust in his ship even though there were strong winds   and high chances that his ship will be overturned. Antonio is very   naive about the real world of business and no matter what happens he   thinks he will be successful.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, Shylock is a wise business man, but very   greedy.

Kepler Mission

What is the Kepler mission? Many people don’t even know what is going on here on earth let alone in space. The Kepler mission is searching the skies for planets that are the same size as earth and worlds that could possibly similar to our own (Site 1). The Kepler spacecraft has found over 750 candidates for extra solar planets and that is just from data collected in the first 43 days of the spacecraft's observations. This is the biggest release of candidate planets that has ever happened.This is amazing; just imagine if there is that many other planets like earth with human life on it. The Kepler team has found so many candidates, they are sharing. They will keep the top 400 candidates to verify and confirm with observations using other telescopes with observations done by Kepler team members (Site 2). Us as human being can only think and wonder if there is life outside of this planet. The Kepler mission is our chance to find out. Kepler launched on March 6, 2009, and has been on the hunt for exoplanets (Site 2).The Kepler instrument is a specially designed 0. 95-meter diameter telescope called a photometer or light meter. It has a very large field of view for an astronomical telescope 105 square degrees, which is comparable to the area of your hand held at arm's length. The fields of view of most telescopes are less than one square degree. Kepler needs the large field of view in order to observe the large number of stars. It stares at the same star field for the entire mission and continuously and simultaneously monitors the brightness’s of more than 100,000 stars for at least 3. years, the initial length of the mission, which can be extended (Site 1). Extending the mission beyond three and one half years provides for improving the signal to noise by combining more transits to permit detection of smaller planets. Another reason why extending the mission is good is to find planets in orbits with larger periods. Also to find planets around stars th at are noisier either due to being fainter or having more variability The scientific objective of the Kepler Mission is to explore the structure and diversity of planetary systems.This is achieved by surveying a large sample of stars to determine the abundance of terrestrial and larger planets in or near the habitable zone of a wide variety of stars. Another objective is to determine the distribution of sizes and shapes of the orbits of these planets. Estimate how many planets there are in multiple-star systems. Determine the variety of orbit sizes and planet reflectivity’s, sizes, masses and densities of short-period giant planets. Also to identify additional members of each discovered planetary system using other techniques; and determine the properties of those stars that harbor planetary systems (Site 1).The Kepler Mission also supports the objectives of future NASA Origins theme missions Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) and Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) by identifyin g the common stellar characteristics of host stars for future planet searches, defining the volume of space needed for the search and allowing SIM to target systems already known to have terrestrial planet (Site 1). The Kepler mission has discovered a system of two Saturn size planets with perhaps a third planet that is only 1. 5 times the radius of Earth.While the news of this discovery is tempered somewhat with the announcement by a team from the European Southern Observatory of a system with five confirmed Neptune-sized planets and perhaps two additional smaller planets, both discoveries highlight that the spacecraft and techniques astronomers are using to find exoplanets are getting the desired results, and excitingly exoplanet research now includes the study of multiplanet systems. This discovery is the first time multiple planets were found by looking at transit time variations, which can provide more information about planets, such as their masses (Site 2).NASA held a press c onference to discuss early science results of the Kepler Mission on August 6, 2009. At this press conference, it was revealed that Kepler has confirmed the existence of the previously-known transiting exoplanet HAT-P-7b, and is functioning well enough to discover Earth-size planets. Since Kepler's detection of planets depends on seeing very small changes in brightness, stars that vary in brightness all by themselves are not useful in this search. From the first few months of data, Kepler scientists have determined that about 7500 stars from the initial target list are such variable stars.These were dropped from the target list and will be replaced by new candidates. On November 4, 2009, the Kepler project publicly released the light curves of the dropped stars. Ground-based follow-up studies of the first six weeks of data, reveal five previously unknown planets, all very close to their stars, one (Kepler-4b) slightly larger than Neptune and four (Kepler-5b, 6b, 7b, and 8b) larger th an Jupiter, including one (Kepler-7b), that is one of the least dense planets found yet.Another discovery, not yet understood, are at least two objects that are the size of planets, but hotter than their stars (Site 2). In conclusion, the Kepler mission I believe is the first of its kind that is actually working. The significance of the Kepler mission is very important. Kepler will monitor 100,000 stars similar to our sun for four years. The results will be extremely important either way. If Kepler detects many habitable, Earth-size planets, it could mean the universe is full of life. Kepler would then be a stepping stone to the next extensive search for habitable planets and life, the Terrestrial Planet Finder (Site 3). If nothing is found, it may mean we're alone in the galaxy.Bibliography Site 1:â€Å"Kepler. † Nasa. Ames Research Center, Web. 28 Nov. 2010. . Site 2: â€Å"Kepler Mission. † UniverseToday. com. 26 Aug. 2010. Web. 28 Nov. 2010. . Site 3: â€Å"Discov ery Program. † NASA. 16 Feb. 2010. Web. 28 Nov. 2010. .

Liebeck v. McDonalds 1994

The case of Liebeck vs. McDonald’s, also known as the McDonald’s case is one of the most controversial tort cases, which according to many did not end with victory either on the part of the plaintiff or of the strong defense, but rather on the time’s growing debates on tort laws and how courts deal and resolve tort cases.   It may sound ridiculous but this case started with a simple cup of coffee.   This is not an ordinary case wherein one could easily which party has been negligent.   In fact, it can be said that both parties have been negligent and have their own faults of the incident that gave rise to the dispute.   In important to order to understand the case better, it is important to know the facts of the case and how the court decided. The Facts: This case was filed by Stella Liebeck of New Mexico, who, in February 1992, while in the passenger seat of her grandson’s car, was severely burned by McDonalds’ (The Actual facts About the McDonald’s Coffee Case, n.d.) coffee after it spilled on her legs, groin and buttocks causing third-degree burns (Bracken, 2005).   From an ordinary perspective, one can view this as an ordinary scenario in restaurants and coffee shops and among coffee drinkers, especially those who consume their coffee in moving vehicles. But this is not the case in the McDonald’s case. The case was anchored on the claim that McDonald’s have been negligent and that their coffee has been extremely hot beyond the normal temperatures of coffee served in other coffee shops and restaurants.   According to the article, The Actual Facts About the McDonalds’ Coffee Case, â€Å"McDonalds’ coffee was not only hot, it was scalding—capable of almost instantaneous destruction of skin, flesh and muscle†. Ms. Liebeck, was at that time 79 years old and ordered coffee from the local McDonald’s which in turn served the hot coffee in a Styrofoam cup at the drive-through window.   After receiving the order, his grandson allegedly pulled his car forward to give way to other customers and again stopped to allow Ms. Liebeck to add creamer and sugar to her coffee.   In order to do this, she held the cup with her legs so that she may be able to open the lid and add in the creamer and sugar.   However, as she removed the lid, the hot content poured to her lap causing the complained damages. This is as opposed to the claim that the car was in motion and the Liebeck was driving the car when the incident happened (The Actual Facts About the McDonald’s case, n.d.).   With this incident, it can be seen that at one point, the Liebeck’s can be said to have been contributors to the accident as what McDonald’s have claimed that Liebeck was the proximate cause of the injuries she sustained.  Ã‚   McDonald’s claimed that it was Liebeck who has been negligent and not them because as customers, they should have known that coffee is hot and they should be extra cautious in handling coffee especially while in a vehicle whether it be in motion or in full stop. According to the vascular surgeon, Ms. Liebeck suffered full thickness burns at about six percent of her body.   She stayed in the hospital for eight days and underwent skin grafting, debridement treatments.   She now comes to the court for the settlement of her claim for $20,000 to cover her m edical expenses as a result of the incident.   However, McDonald’s refused to pay. In its argument, McDonald’s argued that consumers know coffee is hot and that its customers want it that way.   They however admitted that its customers were unaware that they could suffer third-degree burns from the coffee and that a statement on the side of the cup was not a warning but a reminder since the location of the writing would not warn customers of the hazard (The Actual Facts About the McDonald’s Case, n.d.). The Issue The issue in this case is whether or not McDonald’s has been negligent causing the accident complained off making it liable to pay the medical expenses. Held: The decision of the court is anchored mainly on tort laws and decided by determining who has been negligent in the incident that caused the harm being complained about.   After trial, the jury ruled in favor of Liebeck awarding her a total of $200,000 in compensatory damages, which however was alter reduced to only $160,000 after a finding of the jury that McDonald’s was not solely responsible for the accident but instead, Liebeck was also 20 percent at fault for the coffee spill (The Actual Facts About the McDonald’s Case, n.d.). In addition, the jury also awarded some $2.7 million as punitive damages, an amount equal to McDonald’s total sales for two days.   However, the court again lower this punitive award of damages to $480,000 although the judge found McDonald’s to be â€Å"reckless, callous, and willful†Ã‚   (The Actual Facts About the McDonald’s Case, n.d.). According to Bracken (2005), this ruling of the jury is based upon the determination from the documents presented that Liebeck’s medical bills totaled to about $10,000 due to the injuries she suffered.   Bracken (2005) also explained that this case â€Å"is an example of why tort cases should not be merely decided on the simple facts†.   Nevertheless, despite the public nature of the case and the loud news that the incident has made, the public really don’t know how the case really ended as the parties came into a secret settlement whose nature and stipulations have never been revealed to the public at all (The Actual Facts About the McDonald’s Case, n.d.). As it is provided by Bracken (2005), the McDonald’s case illustrates the implication that cases should not be decided on based solely on the face value of the case because at first instance, it can be easily said that McDonald’s was negligent.   However, reviewing the facts of the case and based on human experience, Liebeck has also been negligent enough that the injuries she suffered cannot be blamed on one party alone.   Her own actions and decisions may have also contributed to the happening of the accident. She has been negligent in handling the cup of coffee, which a normal person would always believed to be hot and can cause injury even without actually knowing its actual temperature.   This is the reason why I think the jury made a mistake in the case because I consider the incident as purely an accident, which may have only been aggravated by Liebeck’s negligent handling of the hot coffee.   A normal person would always take extra precaution in handling potentially harmful objects.   I consider McDonald’s serving of the hot coffee to be totally acceptable in its aim to provide the best coffee for its customers. The case of McDonald’s should have been judged after an in-depth investigation to determine McDonald’s alleged negligence for three main reasons (Bracken, 2005).   First, according to Bracken (2005), â€Å"this is not the first lawsuit regarding the temperature of McDonald’s coffee illustrating continual negligence by McDonald’s†.   Perhaps one of the strongest arguments against McDonald’s is the fact that there have been previous complaints and similar incidents that may somehow pertain to its negligence in handling its products and in serving them to customers. Past experiences should have been enough to encourage the company to do something with their hot coffee in order to avoid future similar incidents.   But, this did not happen; McDonald’s seems to have neglected its responsibility to its customers over and above their responsibility to provide the best coffee in town; which is to provide them with safe products as well. Secondly, â€Å"the testimony indicated that McDonald’s coffee is served at between 180 and 190 degrees† (Bracken, 2005).   According to McDonald’s, this temperature is based upon a recommendation that coffee should be served on the above mentioned temperature in order to achieve the best taste that customers crave about (Bracken, 2005).   On this aspect, there can be not much question but only on issues why McDonald’s seems to have neglected the fact that they knowingly know that the extreme temperature of their coffee can cause serious injuries.   They should have at least used more secure packaging than Styrofoam cups. Thirdly, Bracken (2005) also noted how the articles presented failed to indicate that â€Å"McDonald’s attempted to warn consumers of its extreme nature since the company served coffee above the temperature a reasonable nature since the company served coffee above the temperature a reasonable person would expect to receive or consume coffee† (Bracken, 2005). Admittedly, McDonald’s have been negligent on this aspect.   In sum however, after considering all premises, I still believe that the jury erred in ruling in favor of Liebeck and the awards for damages to be excessive. This case could in fact serve as a precedent for all other future cases wherein complainants may come to court of similar complaints only to extort sum of money from companies like McDonald’s.   Clearly, it can be said that McDonald’s has not been solely accountable and negligent in the case.   Liebeck was also negligent.   Hence, it could have been enough thet the court awarded her sum of money to cover all her medical expenses and small amount in compensatory and punitive damages for the injuries she sustained.   This could have been one way to educate the consumers that they also have the corresponding responsibility to themselves and not to fully pass it on to providers like McDonald’s. As a restaurant owner, perhaps one of the waking realization that this case brought is the fact that because tort cases are almost always linked to negligent acts, it is important to be very careful in all aspects of safety in the overall operations of the business.   One very obvious mistake on the part of McDonald’s is their failure to give sufficient warning to the customers of the extreme temperature that may cause damage to them.   Incidents like the McDonald’s case could have been avoided if customers have been warned, the least on cup labels or by the restaurant staff that extreme temperature could be harmful. It is sad to note that although many businesses have genuine intentions to satisfy and to protect their customers; negligent acts, probably by reason of lack of knowledge or foresight seem to cause more controversial issues that lead to the numerous cases decided and being heard in court dockets. References Bracken, K.   (2005).   Liebeck v. McDonald’s. Retrieved February 17, 2008, from https://listserv.du.edu/pipermail/torts-russell/2005-August/000010.html The Actual Facts About the McDonalds’ Coffee Case.   (n.d.).   Retrieved February 17, 2008, from http://www.lectlaw.com/files/cur78.htm      

5 Common Grammar Mistakes to Avoid in Business Writing - BestEssay.education

5 Common Grammar Mistakes to Avoid in Business Writing 5 Common Grammar Mistakes to Avoid in Business Writing If you own, operate or represent a business, it is extremely important that you are able to communicate effectively in writing. This includes communicating in advertisements, in blog posts, when sending emails, when posting on social media, and when interacting with customers or vendors. A big part of this is learning to avoid embarrassing grammar mistakes. The problem with bad grammar is that it damages credibility. If your writing is riddled with spelling and grammar errors that you have left uncorrected, people will wonder about the care you put into your products and services. Grammar errors also make your writing less effective. In fact, if you are stating a strong opinion, or you are making an emotional appeal, poor grammar can make your words unintentionally humorous. There are many grammatical errors that you can make in business writing. However, there are 5 that we believe are most common. Here they are, along with some advice on how to recognize and avoid them 1. Confusing i.e. and e.g. The reason that these two abbreviations are commonly confused is that they both have Latin roots and they have somewhat similar meanings. The translation of the abbreviation i.e. to English means 'that is'.   When you see this abbreviation, replace it in your head with the phrase, 'in other words'. The abbreviation e.g. means for example. You would use this at the beginning of a list of supporting examples after you make a statement. Usage Examples: We aren't getting the foot traffic we used to get on Sunday afternoons, i.e., we only had five customers come through our door last Sunday. We employ several different methods of measuring the success of our brick and mortal location, e.g., number of customers per day, dollars in sales per week, and the feedback on our customer comment cards. 2. Using I Instead of Me and Vice Versa For some reason, many of us instinctively want to replace the word me with the word I when we are referring to more than one person. How many times have we sent or received emails with sentences like the following: Will you follow up with David and I via email? Just tell David and I when you are ready to go forward with the project. At first glance, they might seem okay, but they are both incorrect. How do you tell? One way is to take the other person out of the equation, then look at the sentences again. Will you follow up with I via email? Just tell I when you are ready to go forward with the project. Grammar Hint: Now, it is easy to see the difference. It may help to try and remember that... I do something, and something is done to me. 3. Writing Utilize Instead of Use This one is fairly black and white. If you are writing the utilize in your business writing, you should stop doing that. It is one of those words that appears to be more formal and more professional, but it simply is not. If you find yourself typing the word utilize, back space and replace it with use. Better yet, set up an auto correct option to change the word when you type it. 4. Participles that Dangle Any word that ends in 'ing' is a participle. They are intended to modify the word or phrase that follows them. If you place the noun following the participle in the wrong place, you can unintentionally change the meaning of your sentence. Here's an example: Working more efficiently than ever, the computer room staff were thrilled with the new servers. This sentence appears to say that the computer room staff was working more efficiently than ever. However, if that is true, what about the servers? Here is the sentence after it has been corrected: Working more efficiently than ever, the new servers thrilled the computer room staff. 5. Using Quotation Marks Where They Are Not Needed For some reason, many people believe that placing a word or phrase in single or double quotes indicates emphasis. It does not. In fact, single quotes around a word or a phrase, especially one that makes a claim is read as an indication that something is not quite true. For example: We keep your financial information 'safe' and 'secure'! Customers will read this as if you are stating that you won't keep their information safe or secure. It may help to visualize a very sarcastic man using air quotes while reading your statement aloud. There are times when it is okay to use quotes around a word or phrase. If you are indicating to the reader that something isn't exactly true, it is acceptable to use quotes. Here is an example: We offer a vegan wrap with hummus, diced cucumbers, lettuce, tomatoes, and 'cheese'. Your readers would know both from the context clues and the apostrophes that you were referring to a cheese like food, but not to real cheese. Replacement Options: Try using bold print, underlining, or even beginning and ending a word or phrase with an asterisk. Each of these indicates emphasis. Just remember to avoid using all capital letters for emphasis. This is often interpreted as anger or hostility.

Free Essays on Union Fight For Rights

These days, the fast food industry employs millions of people around the world. Unfortunately, many of these people are not represented by unions. Fast food workers are forced to clean restaurants on their own time and are often compensated with food, not wages. Moreover, the fast food industry reduces costs in intolerable ways. Because employees need to have their rights protected, unions must be created in the fast food industry. For years unions have been established in several manufactures, helping people and solving their problems with giant, merciless companies and corporations. In fact, union can help workers fight for the higher wages, defend them from work without getting pay for overtime, makes them feel confidence about their future and ensure them with the respect from their employers. According to Eric Schlosser’s Fast Food Nation, many of the fast food employees do not meet the criteria for overtime (73). Managers at McDonald’s and other chain restaurants cut labor cost by sending people home when business is slow, and programming them to work only as needed. Similarly, lots of the crew members are kept longer, sometimes up to late night hours whenever the restaurant is busy. Many restaurants practice working â€Å"off the clock in order to avoid paying overtime† (74). However, this statement misses the larger point: there are still people who work overtime without getting pay for it. Schlosser reports, †One employee, a high school dropout named Regina Jones, regularly worked seventy to eighty hours a week but was paid for only forty† (75). Moreover, thousands of people are in the same situation like this teenage girl. It seems clear how workers are being used by their employers. People like Jones would earn twice much money if they get paid for extra hours. This strategy save a lot of money for the owners of fast food restaurants, and extremely increases their revenues at the cost of inexperience... Free Essays on Union Fight For Rights Free Essays on Union Fight For Rights These days, the fast food industry employs millions of people around the world. Unfortunately, many of these people are not represented by unions. Fast food workers are forced to clean restaurants on their own time and are often compensated with food, not wages. Moreover, the fast food industry reduces costs in intolerable ways. Because employees need to have their rights protected, unions must be created in the fast food industry. For years unions have been established in several manufactures, helping people and solving their problems with giant, merciless companies and corporations. In fact, union can help workers fight for the higher wages, defend them from work without getting pay for overtime, makes them feel confidence about their future and ensure them with the respect from their employers. According to Eric Schlosser’s Fast Food Nation, many of the fast food employees do not meet the criteria for overtime (73). Managers at McDonald’s and other chain restaurants cut labor cost by sending people home when business is slow, and programming them to work only as needed. Similarly, lots of the crew members are kept longer, sometimes up to late night hours whenever the restaurant is busy. Many restaurants practice working â€Å"off the clock in order to avoid paying overtime† (74). However, this statement misses the larger point: there are still people who work overtime without getting pay for it. Schlosser reports, †One employee, a high school dropout named Regina Jones, regularly worked seventy to eighty hours a week but was paid for only forty† (75). Moreover, thousands of people are in the same situation like this teenage girl. It seems clear how workers are being used by their employers. People like Jones would earn twice much money if they get paid for extra hours. This strategy save a lot of money for the owners of fast food restaurants, and extremely increases their revenues at the cost of inexperience...

The List of All U.S Colleges With a Business Administration and Management Major

In America’s capitalist economy, being able to make money is key. If you can sell something, whether it be an idea, a product, a service, you-name-it, you have the opportunity to accumulate wealth and be financially successful. A Business Administration and Management major centers around teaching students how to do just that–sell things, profitably. Regardless of whether you’re a burgeoning entrepreneur, taking over a family business, or striving to be a top executive at the next big corporation, a Business Administration and Management, or simply â€Å"Business† major has a lot to offer you. However, before you go calculating revenues and subtracting the costs, you need to get accepted into a university that has a Business major. Which colleges in the U.S. have a Business major? Read on to find out. Majoring in Business is a great stepping stone for anyone who wants to enter the corporate or small business world. A Business major itself is general enough to where you will gain the tools to be whatever you want, whether it be an entrepreneur, an investment banking analyst, or even an advertising guru. In some business schools, you get to specialize in a specific field of business that will teach you all of the basics to get you started in a corporate career. Moreover, many business schools in the United States tend to have more connections and even funding than the general university. By pursuing a business major, you may have more opportunities to network with and interview with big-name companies. This could really help to boost your career and widen your professional network. Regardless of what major you are pursuing, colleges are impressed with candidates who have taken on and succeeded with a heavy academic and extracurricular load. It shows the admissions office that the student can handle the rigor and pressure of a college education. Thus, if you want to stand out from the pack, the first and most obvious place you should look is your academic and extracurricular profile. doesn’t recommend that you take on so many advanced courses and time-consuming extracurriculars that you get stressed out and crack under the pressure. Instead, engage with as many Honors/IB/AP courses that you feel comfortable with and try to make an impact in the extracurricular activities you are passionate about. The key is to do things and take classes that you would genuinely enjoy. If you enjoy what you’re doing, it won’t feel like work! Now, if you’re looking to pursue a Business major, you might consider tailoring your academic and extracurricular profile towards things that would help you in that major. This means enrolling in advanced courses that are necessary for every Business major like Calculus, Statistics, and Economics. It means joining extracurriculars like Future Business Leaders of America, MockTrial, Speech and Debate, and other activities that Business majors are likely to be involved in. It also means going above and beyond to try and gain leadership positions in these organizations and, more generally, make a lasting impact in whatever activity you are a part of. Each college approaches the Business major a little bit differently. For example, some colleges let you specialize in a specific area of business like Marketing or Finance, whereas others require you to pursue a more general Business Administration degree. If you think you want to specialize, make sure you do the research to ensure that you are applying to colleges that will allow you to do that. Also, most business programs have heavy recruitment initiatives in industries that are located close by. For instance, Berkeley has great access to recruitment from San Francisco tech startups, whereas UCLA has great access to the entertainment industry. Thus, you should aim to apply to schools that are likely to have connections in your industry of interest. It will definitely help you out once you apply for those coveted summer internships and, of course, your first post-grad job. Of course, all of these things will require a lot of research into what each business program entails. If you’re in 9th or 10th grade and you think you might need help doing this research, consider joining ’s Early Advising Program. Through this program, you’ll be able to work one-on-one with a mentor who attended a top college in Business Administration. They’ll give you sound advice and help you with all aspects of your academic and extracurricular profile, including the aforementioned college research. On the other hand, if you are a Junior in high school, we have a specific program just for you.   Our College Strategy Program focuses on helping you build your high school resume during this pivotal high school year and position yourself for college admissions success. Using our exclusive chancing engine, this program helps you create a strong school list based on your interests and your chances of acceptance. Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. Wondering how you can set up your academic and extracurricular resume to be competitive for a Business Major? These posts may be able to help you out:    Need more comprehensive guidance through your college application process? offers a stellar College Applications Guidance Program , where we will help you in every step of the complex application process, from creating a school list to producing stand-out college applications. Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College | ABAC American International College | AIC Anderson University (South Carolina) Arkansas State University | A–State Atlanta Metropolitan State College | AMSC Auburn University at Montgomery | AUM Austin Peay State University | APSU Bowling Green State University | BGSU C.W. 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American History Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American History - Dissertation Example Ultimately, the discovery of tobacco allowed Virginia to prosper. The documents of incorporation for Virginia show that it was always intended as a business venture, chartered by the queen for profit, and not a fully fledged colony. This would help lead to the Revolutionary War, as the British felt that their colonists were generally British citizens who just happened to be making money for them and not fully-fledged colonists. Puritans in Massachusetts, meanwhile, wanted to create a utopian community, one free from evil and un-Christianity, a shining light on the hill for the world. The Mayflower Compact illustrates a desire to have some kind of localized democracy, but it's important to note that in many ways Massachussetts would be called undemocratic now, because of its radical religious interpretations and punishments for defiance. The distinction between them played out in establishing much of the course of American history. In the North like Massachusetts, civil society and in tegration due to closely connected cities would create a different culture from the South where farmers spent a lot of their time apart and civil society was far less powerful. The North did not have slaves, but it did participate in the slave trade; the Southerners bought slaves.

Internal Communication Between Managers and Employee Research Paper

Internal Communication Between Managers and Employee - Research Paper Example For the success of a communication in an organization, therefore, managers need to implement plans that will ensure that employees are free to give their ideas, which can be constructive to the organization. In establishing a communication, people can achieve proper communication especially in their processes of introducing a new product into the market. Different stakeholders need to play their parts in the whole process so that they can be accountable for all the things they do regardless of the result of it all. In the same way, different organization managements use various media, which include; websites, social media, TV, radio, brochures, gift cards and email to reach the intended targets to communicate. With effective methods of communication, organizations address the different needs they have through intensive consultation between the members of the management team and employees. Sometimes the methods of communication adopted by the managers or the employees adopted may not be effective and therefore, training is required to enhance proper communication between them. This training also needs to be evaluated to ensure that it gives all the trainees the necessary skills they can use to present ideas to the people they intend. The method of data collection in the process of acquiring the data that is analyzed was primary data collection in which managers and employees were interviewed. The process also included the collection of data through observation of the behavior of different participants in relation to the different conduct when relating to each other. Analysis of Internal communication between managers and employee The process of analysis of internal communication between employees and managers involved three levels to ensure total coverage of all the different areas of the communication between them.

Writing about Manchester( see the description) Essay

Writing about Manchester( see the description) - Essay Example This appeared very intriguing and prompted my interest to delve further into the history of Manchester. In the 16th century the city was important for wool trade, and then in the 18th century, with the onset of the industrial revolution, it became known for textile production (Answers.Com, 2008). In the second half of the 20th century, after being beset with urban and industrial problems, the city redeveloped, ushering in cultural renaissance. As the textile industry grew and large warehouses were built to store and display the spun yard and finished cloth, the population grew as well. The population grew from 25,000 in 1772 to 90,000 in 1800 (Spartacus, n.d.). With the opening of the Railways in 1830 the population further increased. The population increased to 455,000 by 1851 and the housing conditions were appalling. Formal education started in the city in 1851 when a cotton merchant, John Owens, died in 1946 and left most of his wealth to establish a further education college for men. The nonconformist business community in Manchester supported this projected and helped raise furt her fund. Manchester has always occupied a special place in the British culture. It has always displayed a sense of independence and fostered a do-it-yourself-spirit (Haslam, 2007). It has absorbed migrants from all over and draws energy from its surroundings. The city was primarily a warehouse city linked to the northern mill-towns like Blackburn Burnley and Rochdale. John Dalton and Samuel Arkwright helped create a thriving and vibrant economy during the Victorian times (Moss, 2002). With textiles and other trades a young dynamic city was created, whose symbol is the worker bee. This emblem is repeated in mosaics all over the floor of the Town Hall in Manchester. The city also enjoys a cultural mix of people from various lands. In the Victorian era there was more of the Nonconformist, Liberal Class. While popular culture

The Responce for The Movie Into The Wild Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Responce for The Movie Into The Wild - Essay Example Chris had the misunderstanding that nature could be tamed. Only after making his journey and reaching his sad ending could he find that nature is too powerful to be tamed. Nature carries a very important and particular allure to Chris. Chris perceives the wilderness or nature as a state that is purer and free of all bad influences of the modern society. Chris hopes to explore the meaning of his existence and wants to live in such a way that no rules but those made by himself govern his life; he wants to be free. For Chris, being free does not necessarily mean not being chained. Being free to him means to live on one’s own terms and according to the rules made by oneself rather than others. Living this way, Chris actually finds out at least some keys to living like he desires and at least some answers to the questions he originally had. As Chris explains the reason why he does not pursue a professional career after graduating from the college to Franz in these words, â€Å"Mr. Franz I think careers are a 20th century invention and I don't want one† (Penn). Likewise, for example, at one point in the film, Chris says, â€Å"I read somewhere... how important it is in life not necessarily to be strong... but to feel strong† (Penn). He reaches these conclusions only after making this journey. However, the fact that the daily life in the wilderness of the nature is far less romantic than what Chris had originally imagined. So much of Chris’s times is consumed just in looking for food to be alive basically that there is hardly any time left for him to adore the nature as is evident from the scene in the film when Chris develops a list of food in the journal that he daily locates and consumes. Nature can be adored, but it cannot be lived alone with. Chris in the... "The Response to the Movie into the Wild" essay gives a full and deep analysis of film directed by Sean Penn and explain by what has guided the main character while making decisions. Many people sometimes feel a strong urge to do what they have been cultivating a longing desire in their heart for no matter what it takes. Chris is shown as one character that possesses unusual curiosity for the nature as well as its adventures. He wants to know what he does not know thus far and wants to experience what he has never experienced in the past. For this reason, he does what he has never done in the past. His curiosity reflects in numerous quotes of Chris in the film. â€Å"The core of mans' spirit comes from new experiences† (Penn). From the activities Chris involves in after leaving his home, it can be assessed that he is by nature a very loving and caring man. Chris’s high moral values reflect in his consideration of truth as the most superior to all other blessings in the world, as he says, â€Å"I'm going to paraphrase Thoreau here... rather than love, than money, than faith, than fame, than fairness... give me truth† (Penn). Indeed, it is the very love for nature that compels him to take this big a step to leave everything he owns behind and instead explore the nature and the adventures hidden into it. However, none of what he does is right because he breaks connection with his fundamental responsibilities. From the type of personality Chris has as shown in the film, it is obvious that he has brains, but thinks on the wrong lines.

Orlando Is My Favorite Place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Orlando Is My Favorite Place - Essay Example As one walks along the main areas of the city, one can see that it has a number of renowned eateries and restaurants as well as art based activities for people, for the purpose of recreation, entertainment attractions, and hanging out. It is very well built in terms of infrastructure and is very actively lived in the city. The sounds of Orlando include traffic noise as well as the hustle and bustle of people roaming around trying to absorb the sights of the city. On the east side of the city, there is beautiful landscaping along with lush greenery and a clean environment for people to live in. This area mostly consists of residential places to live and has very well planned areas with convenience with respect to shopping, transport, eating out as well as schooling and education. Most of the roads in Orlando are well connected to each other, thus providing only 30 minutes of travel and commute time from the corners to some of the city’s main attractions. Orlando is soon becomin g a haunt for urban people as the suburbs are becoming sprawled with homes to live in as well. The aromas of various cuisines waft all around Orlando as it is dotted with food stalls at every corner and road. Shopping malls adorn the main areas as well as making it easier to see women, men and children moving along happily feeling good. The place is very overwhelming for many people as they are about to do almost everything they want to and thus it makes it gives for a very exciting buzz in the air.

Writing about Manchester( see the description) Essay

Writing about Manchester( see the description) - Essay Example This appeared very intriguing and prompted my interest to delve further into the history of Manchester. In the 16th century the city was important for wool trade, and then in the 18th century, with the onset of the industrial revolution, it became known for textile production (Answers.Com, 2008). In the second half of the 20th century, after being beset with urban and industrial problems, the city redeveloped, ushering in cultural renaissance. As the textile industry grew and large warehouses were built to store and display the spun yard and finished cloth, the population grew as well. The population grew from 25,000 in 1772 to 90,000 in 1800 (Spartacus, n.d.). With the opening of the Railways in 1830 the population further increased. The population increased to 455,000 by 1851 and the housing conditions were appalling. Formal education started in the city in 1851 when a cotton merchant, John Owens, died in 1946 and left most of his wealth to establish a further education college for men. The nonconformist business community in Manchester supported this projected and helped raise furt her fund. Manchester has always occupied a special place in the British culture. It has always displayed a sense of independence and fostered a do-it-yourself-spirit (Haslam, 2007). It has absorbed migrants from all over and draws energy from its surroundings. The city was primarily a warehouse city linked to the northern mill-towns like Blackburn Burnley and Rochdale. John Dalton and Samuel Arkwright helped create a thriving and vibrant economy during the Victorian times (Moss, 2002). With textiles and other trades a young dynamic city was created, whose symbol is the worker bee. This emblem is repeated in mosaics all over the floor of the Town Hall in Manchester. The city also enjoys a cultural mix of people from various lands. In the Victorian era there was more of the Nonconformist, Liberal Class. While popular culture

Orlando Is My Favorite Place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Orlando Is My Favorite Place - Essay Example As one walks along the main areas of the city, one can see that it has a number of renowned eateries and restaurants as well as art based activities for people, for the purpose of recreation, entertainment attractions, and hanging out. It is very well built in terms of infrastructure and is very actively lived in the city. The sounds of Orlando include traffic noise as well as the hustle and bustle of people roaming around trying to absorb the sights of the city. On the east side of the city, there is beautiful landscaping along with lush greenery and a clean environment for people to live in. This area mostly consists of residential places to live and has very well planned areas with convenience with respect to shopping, transport, eating out as well as schooling and education. Most of the roads in Orlando are well connected to each other, thus providing only 30 minutes of travel and commute time from the corners to some of the city’s main attractions. Orlando is soon becomin g a haunt for urban people as the suburbs are becoming sprawled with homes to live in as well. The aromas of various cuisines waft all around Orlando as it is dotted with food stalls at every corner and road. Shopping malls adorn the main areas as well as making it easier to see women, men and children moving along happily feeling good. The place is very overwhelming for many people as they are about to do almost everything they want to and thus it makes it gives for a very exciting buzz in the air.

Perfume Essay Example for Free

Perfume Essay Identify all the things that happen to Grenouille in these chapters that you feel either shouldn’t happen to a child or are insensitive. Explain or attempt to justify these events. Within the pages of the first few chapters, Grenouille’s birth and early childhood is narrated. Grenouille is coldly dismissed at birth. He was brought to the world, by his mother on heap of fish guts, only for her to abandon him. No child should ever have to endure such cruel rejection, no human should ever be left to die in such a grotesque manner. Grenouille however survives and is placed under the care of a wet nurse, who put him into anothers arms in complain of him drinking too much milk and being too much of a liability. Grenouille was passed on from one wet nurse to another, never being shown any affection. He was not treated as a child should be, never allowed to received a mother’s love. The last wet nurse that was given the responsibility of caring for Grenouille, handed him over to Father Terrier, in accusation of the infant being a devil due to his lack scent. She claimed he did not smell of a normal child, that he gave off no smell whatsoever. At the harmless age of a month, Grenouille was accused of being a monster. Father terrier however disregards the wet nurse’s absurd allegations. The novel progresses however, with Father Terrier wanting to rid the baby, as he felt Grenouille had violated him, almost as if he had the ability to penetrate his innermost thoughts, as if he could see what was within Father Terrier with his nose. Grenouille was thrown around for the way he made people feel, however he never brought no harm upon people this early in the book. Father Terrier then puts him in Madame Gaillard’s orphanage. Here he was given a roof for a long time, however he was not welcome by the other children. Many attempts were made at his life, bricks were piled on him, in attempt to suffocate him, however Grenouille managed to survive each and every one of these attempts. Grenouille’s presence made the children feel uncomfortable, just as Father Terrier had felt. There was a coldness, a darkness about Grenouille. However the attempts at murdering him, were made only on the basis of how Grenouille’s presence made the other children feel. Grenouille up till this point had not done anything wrong; he had caused no harm to any of those around him. A few years later however, Madame Gaillard no more received money on Grenouille’s behalf, and so sent him off to work for a man under harsh conditions. Here he contracted a disease leaving him a cripple, bearing permanent scars. Grenouille withstood all these things, a child should never deserve. What is the significance about the context in which Grenouille is introduced in Part One Pg 16. Why does Father Terrier refuse the wet nurses accusations of Grenouille being a devil? â€Å"He’s possessed by the Devil† â€Å"Impossible! It is absolutely impossible for an infant to be possessed by the devil. An infant is not a human being, it is a pre-human being and does not yet possess a fully developed soul. Which is why it is of no interest to the devil. Does some evil stench come out from him? † These are the words Father Terrier speaks in retort of Jeane Beusse, the wet nurse’s accusations. According to Father Terrier, a devil would only possess one with a fully developed soul and has no interest in possessing an infant due to its lack of one. Father Terrier also believes in the devil carrying a foul odor, and hence the nurse’s claims of the baby being odd in that, his flesh carries no scent, only re-affirms his stand on the baby being ordinary, and unaffected whatsoever by the devil. Terrier believes, that the baby not smelling at all, a sign of good health. Father Terrier is also a strong believer of children being God sent, and hence them being possessed is completely out of the question. Terrier also claims the olfactory sense a primitive one, a sense that cannot be trusted. â€Å"The fool sees with his eyes rather than his nose†. Pg 18. Is Father Terrier responsible for Grenouille? Father Terrier is not officially given the responsibility of taking care of little Grenouille, however takes it upon himself to care for him. In some ways he is responsible for Grenouille, as he took him in from the wet nurse, and so in a way is making a commitment towards caring for him. Therefore it is his duty to take care of him to the best of his ability. Father Terrier also sympathizes with Grenouille as he believes a child should not be treated the way Grenouille was. Father Terrier also imagines himself being the child’s father, he feels sentimentally connected to the baby, adding to the responsibility he has over him. Pg 18. What do you make of the actions of the baby and Terriers   response to it? The child awoke, his nose first. Little Grenouille perceived Terrier through his nose. It seemed almost as if the little infant was scrutinizing Father Terrier. The baby’s actions seem as though he can penetrate Father Terrier’s innermost thoughts, as if he can see through Father Terrier’s exterior, see what he really is. Father Terrier feels violated, and feels ashamed, as this baby with no scent, who is innocent, sees through Father Terrier, a man with odor, as everyone at the time. The odor is used as a metaphor for what Father Terrier has to hide. The baby in his arms has no odor, and so has nothing to hide, however Father Terrier is odorous, hence explaining his sense of being violated. Forever crinkling, and puffing and quivering†. These are the words used to describe the baby’s nose after smelling Father Terrier. One crinkles their nose, and puffs air outwards, upon smelling something foul. As smell is used here as a metaphor of who Father Terrier really is, as the baby perceives him through his nose, the baby perceives him as someone who is foul and repulsive. Father Terrier is threatened by the baby , and feels uncomfortable in its presence leading to his hurried notion to find another to take care of the child. Pg 20. ‘Gone was the homely thought that this might be . Explain what happens. 1. Pg 24. This is a challenging page. What does it infer about the teller of Grenouilles tale and his attitude towards him? How do you feel about Grenouille after this? 2. Pg 28-29. These pages relate to Grenouilles language acquisiton. What is particularly noticeable about his vocabulary growth? 3. Pg 35. What happens to Madame Gaillard? What is ironic about this? Look particularly at the last sentence of Chapter 5.

Factors Affecting Menu Planning

Factors Affecting Menu Planning Research Report, describing the factors influencing menu planning and menu product development process Introduction In the recent years the food industry has created a boom in the market and has struck the economic status of the world market. The cuisine development and number of opening of eateries have gradually increased and magnetised the attention towards them. In a restaurant to be made successfully operational the main dictum is to fix the menu in order to make it saleable and to communicate to the mass. The point of success and potential of the outlet should be focussed in order to cut a renowned name in the society. The business rotates around the structure of the menu, the cost of the ingredients, the employment cost together on which the entire infrastructure is going to be framed. The menu pattern which is framed to run the restaurant needs a regular introspection and often introduction of new cuisine to enhance the growth of the outlet. The study of this topic is going to carry from the perspective of 10 Greek street, a restaurant in London and shall carry along a self evaluation to e xplicit a clear idea about the project. Task A (a) Principles of Recipe Development 10 Greek Street is a Restaurant in London, a very simple unshowy outlet ,yet containing an interesting platter of menu which is eye catching as well as amicable. The organisation follows the following principles while designing its recipes: To make a healthier recipe 10 Greek Street believes that a recipe should not only be munchy and tasty but it requires a healthy and balanced mixture of ingredients to fulfil the balance of the health. Substitution of ingredient and making the food healthier It targets to create a menu which has a nutritional value like less salt, fat and calories,and more importantly sugar.Food alone is insufficient to make one healthy. So a dietary balance which includes proper mixture of protein , carbohydrate and fat is very much required. Light Cooking – The prepared food are not heavily fried in order to ensure that they are not taxing heavily on the consumers health. Healthy Cooking and Living style. The most important factor for a good and healthy life is to make the food edible and digestible, both at the same time. Target Audience – The restaurant does prepare the recipes keeping in mind the demands of the target Audience. One can take the example of Brecon Lamb preparation which is cooked with white beans, Tomatoes, Olives and Anchovy prepared with very light and healthy oil and little spices. This is a very popular dish amongst its customers and follows the above principles. Task A (b) Factors that influence the Menu Planning Decisions The factors which influence the menu planning decisions is not only cost oriented but also depends on the target audience , their availability and the quality. Considering each target group which includes teenagers, middle aged and elderly group their demands vary and each needs a different combination of food for their sustenance. Menu planning decisions depends largely on a number of factors which include the customers choice of vegetarian or non vegetarian , either allergic or alien to certain ingredients. Competition in the Market 10 Greek Street, is focussed on the factor that the quality of food, the price of the menu and the quality is under sharp vigilance so as to compete and survive in the Market. Where it is situated:Â  The most important point of thought for the restaurant is to produce the food according to the locality. The outlet should be aware of the neighbourhood and thus motivate the ambience accordingly. Adopting new trends: The outlet has to groom itself according to the choice of the customers. Being on the country front requires more new and adoptable recipes than the people residing in the suburb who are comparatively less prone to accept the change. The kitchen parameter: The kitchen of the organisation is compact and prepared to produce the food mentioned in the menu chart and does not de motivate the target audience with extra non producible items. Supply, cost and the variety: The restaurant is conscious in supplying the food as per the requirement and does not overrate itself. The costing of each item is buyer friendly ,and the variety concept is applicable only during the occasions such as Christmas, and New Year Eve. Dietary change on demand: The company is flexible to produce the customers with their food of choice when required. Such as for Diabetic people or preparation for the vegetarians. The above principles are very important to run the menu of the organisation and it does so as to keep the pace of its publicity. Task (A) c The Influence and Requirements of the Service Methods The British Food Industry is supposedly one of the biggest food groups across the Globe. Their service method is also very compact to keep their market upright and concentrate on the class of customers whom they can satisfy. The service concept should be Task (B)a Justification of Designing a Menu The British Food Industry considered to be one of the biggest upcoming and growing industries requires an attention of improvement .The study of National Health Service Britain provides the world with a report that obesity is a rampant disease that is percolating the living beings specially the Homosapiens. Fast Food, Junk Grubs and long paucity in the food habits leads to the occurrence of this self eating ailment. The crossing of the Body Mass Index (BMI) leads to the growth of the blood sugar level leading to coronary disease, type two diabetes, and many more. The food habit is the primary concern which requires a regular examination and incurring fatty food requires vigorous exercise to burn out. The food served and the menu catered in the restaurant is often money minting concept than health concern. In that case the structure of the menu being less heavy, cooked in light oil and not being always too delicious can fulfil the requirement of an interesting menu and also the develo pment of the health. It is often stated that the gastronomy factor is in direct in confrontation with the taste buds and people tend to gobble spicy foods to achieve happiness. To halt the process the structure of the menu cards demands fast transformation. Modern age demands a very fast life with gorging into excessive fat and high calorie food with very little of physical exercise. The deposition of extra calorie heads towards the cause of depression and makes a person get into a continuous food habit. The Justification requires to incorporate a new eating style that sounds healthy and gives the stomach a sense of peace. Task (B)b Development of Food Service, Ambience, Supportive Menu, Recipe and Service style. There has been an intense concern about the health System in London and entire Britain. Eating of a balanced diet or following an exercise regime is now often suggested and fast food avoid is a must. People are now delving into the health conscious factor and are cutting down their restaurant food habits .Under such circumstance the food outlets require to cut short their high calorie charts and boil down towards, the easily consumable quality food. There has been enough publicity through the press and medical journals in order to awaken the minds. Not only the company should provide a healthy chart but they should also be the mentors to educate their new food habits. The environment requires peace and service friendly which has been already floated in the market. There should be a change in the development of human brain and subtraction of the concept of junk food from the minds. The process is in progress and the people are gradually finding it a more friendly ambience to become di sease free. Task (C) A new food concept according to the Customer requirement – The NHS report stands out to be threatening. If the standard rate of calorie hike is so fast then it can be assumed that the change is on the doorstep. The combination of food which we came across 10 Greek Street comprises of high calorie and fat content. This menu card which is being offered for Lunch and Dining consists of Desserts, ice creams ,mayonnaise ,shrimps all which contains the increase in the body weight . The people have fallen prey to it and what is required is simplicity. The menu format should consist of— Boiled vegetables b) Salads c) Fruit Salad d) Protein like fish and lean meat e) fatless milk and soya milk ice cream and desserts. The menu chart requires public attention and their acceptance. It is then only, the new food concept can be introduced and better results are expected. Task( D) Evaluating oneselfReview of the Project Report and Suggestions for the Betterment The SWOT analysis. The food trail that has been studied in the above project aided me to develop a specific thought about a human health concept. The menu which an outlet in general follows, prevents from making a man healthy and nutritious. Strength The healthy food concept which is straight, simple and light keeps a man from many a number of ailments. The diet which is available in an outlet does not always bank on the digestive capacity of a person. It is more bent on the tongue liking factor, the publicity and the demand of the organisation. Whereas a simple outlet which provides good quality food turns the human fraternity more happy and energetic and I have learnt a lesson that way. Weakness The food service sector has by and large increased in number and in London has generated a magnanimous business. And I have observed that keeping in mind the monetary factor the food service industry is very fast adding certain salts and recipes which are detrimental for health.I am assuming a destruction regarding the health of human beings but it is very tough for me to transform the entire system. Opportunity The Food service Industry now is getting into a turning point. Depending on the NHS London survey report the chain of food outlets growing can be curdled and in result very quality systems can emerge thereby divulging the old methods of food making.Good and healthy recipe with low calorie and fat can always be interesting and can pull in more number of people thus in return making them health conscious.I have observed that the medical reports threatens people and they run into solutions.So it can be said that there is always an opportunity to improve and develop. Threat My project Report leaves me threatened with the fact, sooner the better. The journey to change the menu and the recipe system does not depend only on me. It is a mass work and from this I have learnt that its true saying that ‘ An Apple a Day keeps a Doctor away’.That is me too need to pay attention on the food cycle and be very much aware. Since entire London is deeply delving into the practise of food and service I feel that it is high time that my thoughts are percolated into their minds and a change is very fast needed. But it also has ensured me that learning is a continuous progress and its not only me but we all need to change our lifestyles as fast as possible.